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Thrombosis in arteriovenous (AV) fistula occurs when blood does not flow smoothly through the fistula, artery, or vein due to narrowing of the blood vessel Thrombosis in arteriovenous (AV) fistula occurs when blood does not flow smoothly through the fistula, artery, or vein due to narrowing of the blood vessel. This narrowing is called stenosis, …

Generic Name: mannitol Brand Name: Osmitrol Drug Class: Diuretics, Osmotic Agents What is mannitol, and what is it used for? Mannitol is a diuretic medication that promotes urination and is administered intravenously to reduce intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure from fluid buildup. Mannitol is used to treat acute kidney failure in the phase of reduced urine output (oliguric phase), to …

Although rare, rhabdomyomas are the most common type of heart tumor in children. A cardiac tumor is a growth that occurs in the heart. Heart tumors in children are uncommon, affecting just approximately one percent of newborns. Rhabdomyomas are the most common type of heart tumor in children.  Rhabdomyomas account for more than 60 percent of pediatric cardiac tumors. A …

The placenta in pregnancy The placenta is the supply chain and waste disposal for the baby in your womb. After studying a few second-trimester and hundreds of third-trimester placentas from women with Covid-19, researchers determined the virus causes significant destruction within this vital organ. Covid-19 is a highly infectious disease caused by a strain of the coronavirus. This strain is …

Nearly 75 percent of lateral neck biopsies done in patients older than 40 years of age are cancerous. Most neck masses are noncancerous, but persistent, continuously growing neck mass requires a neck biopsy. Nearly 75 percent of lateral neck biopsies done in patients older than 40 years of age are cancerous. This is because only suspicious neck masses are biopsied. …

A combination of various drug addiction therapies works hand in hand to make treatment effective, which is often tailored to a patient’s specific requirements. Various types of drug addiction treatment programs are available. However, the patient may find it difficult to select the one that is beneficial for them. In reality, not one type of treatment but a combination of …

About 20 percent of breast biopsies performed in the U.S. each year are cancerous, which means four out of every five biopsies are cancer-free. A lump or mass developed in the breast may be cancerous or benign. A biopsy of the lump confirms if the mass is benign or cancerous. Breast biopsies are performed on over a million women in …

Learn about what to expect when a suprapubic catheter (SPC) is inserted and what it is used for A suprapubic catheter (SPC) is used to drain urine from your bladder if you cannot urinate on your own. An SPC is inserted into your bladder through a small hole in the lower part of your abdomen instead of through your urethra.  …

Intracorporeal lithotripsy is used to treat urolithiasis and involves the fragmentation and removal of calculi in the urinary tract Intracorporeal lithotripsy is a procedure used to remove calculi from the urinary tract in the case of urolithiasis, often called kidney stone disease. When determining the most effective course of therapy for kidney stones, factors that are considered include the size, …

The most common causes of macrocytic anemia include vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency. Macrocytic anemia is a kind of anemia in which the erythrocytes (red blood cells) are abnormally big, a condition called macrocytosis or macrocythemia. The size of these red blood cells (RBCs) makes them more likely to rupture prematurely. However, like with all types of anemia, macrocytic …