cancer

When the lymph nodes in the mediastinum become enlarged, it is called mediastinal lymphadenopathy. When the lymph nodes in the mediastinum become enlarged, it is called mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Mediastinal lymph node enlargement can occur from a wide range of diseases, either on its own or in association with other lung conditions. It usually stays less than 10 mm in …

Breast cancer can spread to other parts of the body. Breast cancer can spread to other parts of the body. It first spreads to the lymph nodes in the armpit (axilla) close to the breast. Lymph nodes are lumps of special tissue that drain the fluid from the breast and arm. The first nodes in the axilla affected by breast …

What is targeted cancer therapy? Targeted cancer therapy is a specific method of treatment for cancers, by identifying and targeting the cancer-causing factors (hallmarks) in the particular cancer. Targeted therapy medications do not directly kill the cancer cells, but work on the cellular level to stop their growth and prevent cancer from spreading to other parts of the body. Cancer …

What does replicative immortality mean? Normal human cells can grow and divide only a limited number of times, and undergo planned death (apoptosis) when they become old, damaged, or no longer needed. Cancer cells, due to genetic mutations which enable them to progress through the cell cycle despite DNA damage, replicate infinitely and evade apoptosis; and in effect, achieve replicative …

What are human monoclonal antibodies? An antibody is a protein produced by the body's immune system in response to antigens, which are harmful substances. Antigens include bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, chemicals, and other substances the immune system identifies as foreign. Sometimes the body mistakenly identifies normal tissues as foreign and produces antibodies against the tissue. This is the underlying cause …

Grading describes how the cancer cells look compared to normal, healthy cells. In grade 4 cancer, tumor cells look very different from the normal cells, and most likely, they have spread to distant organs. Such tumors have a poorer outlook and may need more aggressive management. Usually, tumors in grade 4 are undifferentiated and very aggressive. However, the grading criteria …

What is Unituxin (dinutuximab), and how does it work? Unituxin (dinutuximab) is indicated, in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and 13-cis-retinoic acid (RA), for the treatment of pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma who achieve at least a partial response to prior firstline multiagent, multimodality therapy. What are the side effects of Unituxin? The most common adverse drug …

What is Erleada, and how does it work? Erleada is a prescription medicine used for the treatment of prostate cancer: that has spread to other parts of the body and still responds to a medical or surgical treatment that lowers testosterone, OR that has not spread to other parts of the body and no longer responds to a medical or …

What is Onureg, and how does it work? Onureg is a prescription medicine used for continued treatment of adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who: had a first complete remission (CR) following intensive induction chemotherapy with or without recovery of your blood cell counts, and who are not able to complete intensive curative therapy. It is not known if Onureg …

Symptoms are hardly seen in the initial stages. Symptoms are hardly seen in the initial stages. As the tumor size increases, it may cause pain in the right side of the abdomen. Some patients may have worsening symptoms of chronic liver disease or cirrhosis, which often precedes the development of cancer of the liver.  Some of the early warning signs …