Thrombosis in arteriovenous (AV) fistula occurs when blood does not flow smoothly through the fistula, artery, or vein due to narrowing of the blood vessel Thrombosis in arteriovenous (AV) fistula occurs when blood does not flow smoothly through the fistula, artery, or vein due to narrowing of the blood vessel. This narrowing is called stenosis, …

IVP stands for intravenous pyelogram, which is an X-ray examination of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra IVP stands for intravenous pyelogram, which is an X-ray examination of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. IVP uses a contrast material or dye that is injected into the vein. X-rays are used …

ADHD in adults results in mental and physical problems that eventually impact relationships and cause difficulty in daily life. Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might face a wide range of difficulties in all aspects of their lives. According to the American Psychiatric Association, approximately five percent of children have ADHD and roughly half will continue to display symptoms …

Generic Name: ipratropium Brand Names: Atrovent, Atrovent HFA, Atrovent Nasal Spray Drug Class: Anticholinergics, Respiratory; allergy, Intranasal What is ipratropium, and what is it used for? Ipratropium is a medication used to relieve runny nose and nasal inflammation (rhinitis) caused by colds and allergies, and as a bronchodilator to relieve bronchospasm and ease breathing in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), …

Generic Name: bupivacaine Brand Names: Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Posimir Drug Class: Local Anesthetics, Amides; Local Anesthetics, Dental; Local Anesthetics, Parenteral What is bupivacaine, and what is it used for? Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic used to prevent pain during dental procedures and as nerve blocks for regional anesthesia during various medical procedures including during labor and delivery. Bupivacaine blocks the nerve impulses that send …

Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that typically causes areas of thickened, scaly, red, and inflamed skin called plaques. The most common sites of psoriasis are the scalp, elbows, and knees, although psoriasis can involve any part of the body such as the face, palms, soles, and back. Psoriasis lesions typically appear as symmetrical lesions called plaques that are areas …

Learn about binaural beats and whether they can help relieve migraine headaches Binaural beats are believed to alleviate migraine-related discomfort by relieving tension. The carrier frequency is 160 Hz and paired with a binaural beat frequency of 0.5 Hz, which is a low-delta frequency that is calming and effective for relieving headaches. What are binaural beats for migraine pain? Many …

Erythrodermic psoriasis can cause extreme pain and has the potential to be fatal Erythrodermic psoriasis (EP) or erythroderma is a severe type of psoriasis that causes extensive peeling, severe itching, and rashes across the entire surface of the body.  This type of psoriasis is quite rare, affecting about 1%-2.5% of people with psoriasis. It is more common in people with …

Because HIV suppresses the immune system, the predominant symptoms of this infection are those produced by other infections. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by a retrovirus that affects the immune system, especially the CD4 blood cells that fight infections. As it replicates during acute HIV infection, HIV kills a large number of CD4 cells. This can induce flu-like …

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease. Ulcerative colitis is a systemic disease that mainly manifests as intestinal ulcers. A multifactorial autoimmune reaction causes inflammation in the intestinal lining and forms ulcers. Intestine plays a major role in the absorption of water and salts from the waste food that moves through it. Any disruption in the integrity …